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Elon Musk REVEALS A Breakthrough In Nuclear Fusion: Stellarator [Video]

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Elon Musk REVEALS A Breakthrough In Nuclear Fusion: Stellarator

Elon Musk REVEALS A Breakthrough In Nuclear Fusion: Stellarator

For nuclear fusion, a range of devices are employed. Some are simply massive lasers that energize fuel pellets and are designed to do inertial confinement fusion. There are other fusion devices, like the tokamak and stellarator, that are designed to magnetically confine plasma. How do they function, what are they, and where are they used? Let’s find out in today’s episode!

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Among the devices that cause a fusion reaction using magnetic fields is the tokamak. The term “tokamak” comes from a Russian word that means “toroidal chamber with magnetic coils.” Andrei Sakharov, a physicist, first proposed the concept of the tokamak in Russia in the 1950s. An enormous, torus-shaped volume with all of the air removed from it is called a tokamak. Magnetic fields operate inside the torus to keep the fuel contained. Toroidal fields, which revolve around the torus (the longer way) and are produced by the electric current inside the plasma itself, and poloidal fields, which circle vertically around the torus’s edge and regulate the position of the plasma, are two examples of these.

The plasma used as nuclear fuel makes this magnetic confinement possible. When hydrogen gas is superheated, it becomes an ionized gas called a hydrogen plasma. Because the temperature rises in tandem with the gas molecules’ excitation, the atoms’ nuclei and orbiting electrons break their electrostatic bonds, resulting in the formation of an electrically conductive medium that is free of both nuclei and electrons. This is how ionization takes place. Plasma is utilized in tokamaks because its charged nature makes it susceptible to manipulation by magnetic fields. Along with allowing the hydrogen nuclei to fuse, the heating also removes the Coulomb barrier.

Since neutrons are uncharged particles, they are unaffected by the magnetic fields enclosing the rest of the plasma. As a result, neutrons account for the majority of the energy produced by the reaction (around 80%). These collisions release heat into the walls, which is subsequently used to boil water and power steam turbines in a manner similar to that of a fission reactor.

ITER is a tokamak that will be the world’s largest by volume when construction is completed in 2025. ITER is a scientific experiment involving 35 countries that is being constructed in Cadarache, southern France, with the goal of producing effective fusion through scientific experiments. ITER is currently being used to test future technologies rather than as a power plant. In order to maintain the plasma in a steady state at a Q-value of 10, the program’s current objective is to produce a steady 500 MW of power from just the 50 MW needed.

Although tokamaks appear to be the clear way forward for magnetic confinement fusion, there are a few issues with them. The tokamak design’s extreme susceptibility to instabilities is a major problem. An abrupt push through a magnetic field by plasma that unleashes a massive burst of energy toward the tokamak wall causes “edge localized” instability.
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